It conducts multidisciplinary research in fields such as national security, space exploration, nuclear fusion, renewable energy, medicine, nanotechnology, and supercomputing. Today, Los Alamos is one of the largest science and technology institutions in the world. With the ending of the Cold War, both labs turned their focus increasingly to civilian missions. Since that date the two labs have competed on a wide variety of bomb designs. In 1952, the Atomic Energy Commission formed a second design lab under the direction of the University of California, Berkeley, becoming the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The lab's existence was announced to the world in the post-WWII era, when it became known universally as Los Alamos. The site was known variously as Project Y, Los Alamos Laboratory, and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory through this period. Los Alamos was the heart of the project, collecting together some of the world's most famous scientists, among them numerous Nobel Prize winners. Other labs, today known as Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Hanford Site, concentrated on the production of uranium and plutonium bomb fuels. At the time it was known as Project Y and was the center for weapon design and overall coordination.

Los Alamos was selected as the top-secret location for bomb design in late 1942 and officially commissioned the next year, under the management of the University of California. It is a short distance northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. Los Alamos National Laboratory (often shortened as Los Alamos and LANL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory initially organized during World War II for the design of nuclear weapons as part of the Manhattan Project.

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